Nathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown - 989 Words

Olivia Kim AP Literature Short Fiction Essay In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s 1835 allegorical, short fiction â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† innocent, young Puritan of Salem Village, young Goodman Brown willingly leaves his wife and religion Faith and enters the dark forest, where he experiences a radical encounter that alters his ways of life. Throughout this short story â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† Hawthorne reveals man’s inherent nature to stray and sin, due to man’s corruption of morality. Human fallibility, even that of the religious, good, pure man, is inevitable in the world, where sin and darkness reign through the devil’s destructive temptations and accusations. Nathaniel Hawthorne incorporates countless archetypes, allegories, characterizations,†¦show more content†¦Along with character and color archetypes, Hawthorne also includes situational archetypes to convey the loss of innocence and the fall of man in â€Å"Young Goodman Brown.† The journey sparked by curiosity led to the encounter with the devil, which resulted in the fall of man and the battle between good and evil. Therefore, although young Goodman Brown entered the forest with only one intention of â€Å"meeting someone† and returning back to Faith, the devil does not easily let go of him. When Goodman Brown halts and tries to turn back towards Faith, the second traveller convinces him to continue and â€Å"they continued to walk onward†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This scene depicts the constant battle between good and evil, where the devil throws temptations and leads man astray from the good, pure, straight walk with the Lord. As Goodman Brown is taken deeper into the forest by the second traveller, they encounter a circle of devil worshippers, from what it seems. Hawthorne uses imagery,epithets, and dialogue to express the consuming darkness. As Goodman Brown draws nearer toward the crowd, he sees and hears. â€Å"Welcome, my children,† says the dark figure, â€Å"to the communion of your race. Ye have found thus young your nature and your destiny. My children, look behind you!† Hawthorne includes chilling dialogue of the devil and describes the crowd of figures to be recognizable by Goodman Brown. â€Å"They turned; and flashing forth, asShow MoreRelatedNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown1543 Words   |  7 PagesIn Nathaniel Hawthorne s short story of Young Goodman Brown, the author uses symbolism and allegories in order to showcase the Puritan faith as well as man s conflict between good and evil. This analysis will break down the techniques that the author uses to critique the pu ritan society and to show the difference between how people appear to be in society and the true colors that they are hidden inside of them. There has been a lot of great authors in our time, but none more interesting thanRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown1065 Words   |  5 PagesWhen it comes to the topic of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Young Goodman Brown, most of us will readily agree that duplicity is a major theme in the piece, or the idea of different versions of reality. Where this agreement usually ends, however, is on the question of whether Hawthorne is implying that man is inherently evil. Whereas some are convinced that Young Goodman Brown was good until tainted by the Devil, others maintain that he was evil from the beginning and was completely aware of the evil heRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown905 Words   |  4 PagesThough Nathaniel Hawthorne is an author of many great works, his short story â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† still stays relevant because it has themes and subjects that are relatable in today s world. In the story â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† Good man Brown leaves his wife Faith, to go into the woods near Salem to have a meeting with the devil. Appearance vs. reality is shown in â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† through the plot, the character of Goody Cloyse, and the symbol of the maple staff. The characterRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown1312 Words   |  6 PagesWithin Nathaniel Hawthorne s short story Young Goodman Brown (p.317), Young Goodman Brown travels through a dark and mysterious forest late at night. Ignoring the pleas of his pure wife Faith, he ventures deep into the woods with many dangers around him, only to emerge in the morning a changed man with bewildered views on his own Puritan life and the Puritan community around him. At the cause for this change in mindset, the dream of an old man symbolizing the devil appears, showing him the communityRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown Essay1274 Words   |  6 PagesIn Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† the devil says, â€Å"Evil is the nature of mankind† (â€Å"Young† 627). Since Adam and Eve ate the forbidden fruit and attempted to hide conceal their sin from God, humans have tried to hide their sin from others. Although ever yone sin is human nature, everyone has a different reaction to sin. While some acknowledge sin, others ignore it. In Hawthorne’s other short story, â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil,† Father Hooper wears a black veil to represent the sin heRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown Essay1449 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is a short story that is filled with symbols and mystery. Nathaniel Hawthorne provides plenty forms of symbolism for readers to digest. Hawthorne displays strong faith as the greatest virtue for a man or woman, and when the faith is compromised, one can be filled with skepticism and uncertainty towards the rest of the world. The story begins as a conventional allegory, creating the expectation that the characters will be able to consistently display the abstractions they symbolizeRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown1695 Words   |  7 Pagesstory, Young Goodman Brown, by Nathaniel Hawthorne is set in Puritan New England. Hawthorne uses symbolism, description, scenery, and Goodman’s journey to illustrate and symbolize the battle of good versus evil. In the first scene, we see how Young Goodman Brown leaves his wife, Faith, to start on his â€Å"evil† journey through the woods. Though Faith asks him to stay with her, he chooses to continue on even though he knows the evilness lies ahead. As the story continues, we see how Hawthorne uses FaithRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown1492 Words   |  6 PagesIn Nathaniel Hawthorne’s short story of Young Goodman Brown, the author uses symbolism and allegories in order to showcase the Puritan faith as well as man’s conflict between good and evil. This analysis will breakdown the techniques that the author uses to critique the puritan society, and to show the difference between how people appear to be in society and the true colors that they are hidden inside of them. There has been a lot of great authors in our time, but none more interesting than NathanielRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown2532 Words   |  11 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne’s short story, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† demonstrates how Goodman Brown leaves his wife, Faith, to do an errand within the woods with a man that is believed to be the devil. During the time period in which this took place, the 1620’s, many of the people from the village were practicing Puritanism. Puritanism is an intense practice of religion retrieved from Protestants, only removing its Catholic influence. When Goodman Brown entered the woods to meet the devil, he soon turned intoRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown894 Words   |  4 Pagesread. In â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†, I found several romanticism characteristics to be in this story. One being, the emphasis on feelings and emotions. Nathaniel Hawthorne writes, â€Å"The cry of grief, rage, and terror was yet piercing through the night, when the unhappy husband held his breath for a response.† The cry of anguish and pain are very applicable to the protagonist idea in this story. Brown also expresses feeling when he doesn t want to leave his wife Faith, but he feels that it s his role to

Linden Hills and the Struggles That Come with I Free Essays

There are three ways Luther Nedeed is simultaneously a positive and negative role model for young men who represent the ages of Willie and Lester. First, Luther Nedeed believes in the importance of family but while doing so, he destroys many people, especially his wife and son. This is important because it shows that people can feel a certain way, but in the end, actions speak louder than words. We will write a custom essay sample on Linden Hills and the Struggles That Come with I or any similar topic only for you Order Now Second, Luther Nedeed inspires hope and shows that the American dream is possible but while achieving this dream, it causes some people to sell themselves out. This is significant because it shows that if the prize to achieve the dream is the loss of one’s soul or compromise of one’s standards, the price is too high to pay. Third, Nedeed wants to preserve the integrity and value of Linden Hills but the power he holds goes to his head and he begins to care more about himself than others. This is relevant because life holds the most meaning and opportunity for personal satisfaction in the connections people make with one another and without those, the missing human element will destroy the individuals that choose to turn their backs on society, and therefore, humanity itself. Luther Nedeed believes in the importance of family but while doing so, he destroys many people, especially his wife and son. Luther shows us that he believes in this because he is upholding the Nedeed tradition of working to take care of Linden Hills and creating offspring to take over for him when he passes away. Luther also shows us his belief in family when he thinks about how lonely he is on Christmas and wishes his wife was there with him enjoying the holiday and everything that comes with it. This makes Luther a positive role model because young men who represent the ages of Willie and Lester need to know that family is important. Family will always be there for you, and if you don’t keep them around, you’re going to face some difficult situations later in life without much help. Even though Luther believes family is important, he contradicts himself by destroying people, especially his wife and son. When his son was born, he was light-skinned so he banished him and his wife into the basement where his son would die of starvation. He also ruined Laurel Dumont after her husband left her by telling her that her lease was no longer valid and she had to leave. As a result, Laurel commits suicide by jumping into an empty swimming pool. This is the negative side of this coin. Young men such as Willie and Lester do not need to see people ruining other people’s lives. They need to realize that what they say and preach should be how they act. Unfortunately, Luther fails to do that. Luther Nedeed inspires hope and shows that the American dream is possible. Linden Hills is an affluent black community where many people strive to live because of its fame and what it immediately does to your status once you move in. The Nedeed family started from scratch, one of them with just a cardboard suitcase and a dream, another one who poured cement for numerous foundations, and another who gambled every dime to keep the community afloat during the Depression. Young men who represent the ages of Wilie and Lester need to know that if you work hard enough, the American dream is achievable. It shows them that you must work hard and if you work hard enough, your opportunity may come one day. However, the American dream will cause some people to sell themselves out. By creating Linden Hills and maintaining it, Luther Nedeed has created monsters in the people who will do anything and everything they can to rise to fame and live in Linden Hills. For example, Lester’s sister, who idolizes Eleanor Roosevelt and Diane Ross, and who had enrolled in black history classes in college, now employs bleaching cream and hair relaxer. Her dream is to have a good marriage in Linden Hills. Maxwell Smith, who is a high-ranking executive at General Motors, has achieved perfect physical control of himself and the environment around him. He says that he spends every waking moment trying to be no color at all. This makes Luther a negative role model because people are foregoing their moral standards and values. They are giving everything up to gain that status and young men such as Willie and Lester need to know that the price for that is too high to pay. Luther Nedeed wants to preserve the integrity and value of Linden Hills. He tries to preserve the integrity by writing leases that are good for one thousand years and a day, which will preserve the family tradition for a long time. He tries to protect his wealth and inheritance by working to make Linden Hills better and by making sure that a lease can only be passed down to one’s children or sold to another black family. This is important for young men who represent the age of Willie and Lester to see because it shows one’s loyalty and sense of pride to something. In this case, for Luther, it’s Linden Hills. For someone else, it may be their child, their house, their car, or anything else that they hold true to their heart and love. People need to be loyal to certain things in life and must do everything they can to preserve traditions and values. However, the negative side of Luther comes out becausehis power goes to head and he begins to care more about himself than others. For example, he doesn’t care what type of wife he marries and has a child with. He selects one who he feels will produce a good offspring, bears a child with her, and then has no sexual contact with her thereafter. He also opposes a low-income housing project planned for Putney Wayne, which is a neighboring black ghetto and proposes to join forces with the racist Wayne County Citizens Alliance so property values would not decline. Although this would help black people, Luther is against it because all he cares about is himself and what he loves. People such as Willie and Lester need to recognize this and know that you have to balance what you love and your feelings for others and society. You cannot turn your back on society and mankind because all you care about is yourself and your future. Those who represent the ages of Willie and Lester need to realize that life holds the most meaning and opportunity for personal satisfaction in the connections people make with one another and without those, the missing human element will destroy the individuals that choose to turn their backs on society, and therefore, humanity itself. Luther’s actions eventually did come back to haunt him in the end, specifically his decision to banish his wife and son into the basement. Willa eventually comes up due to an accidental unlocking of the basement door bolt and when she does, a struggle ensues and the house along with everything and everyone inside of it burns to death. All of these actions and decisions show that there are different ways Luther Nedeed is simultaneously a positive and negative role model for young men who represent the ages of Willie and Lester. First, Luther Nedeed believes in the importance of family but while doing so, he destroys many people, especially his wife and son. This is important because it shows that people can feel a certain way, but in the end, actions speak louder than words. Second, Luther Nedeed inspires hope and shows that the American dream is possible but while achieving this dream, it causes some people to sell themselves out. This is significant because it shows that if the prize to achieve the dream is the loss of one’s soul or compromise of one’s standards, the price is too high to pay. Third, Nedeed wants to preserve the integrity and value of Linden Hills but the power he holds goes to his head and he begins to care more about himself than others. This is relevant because life holds the most meaning and opportunity for personal satisfaction in the connections people make with one another and without those, the missing human element will destroy the individuals that choose to turn their backs on society, and therefore, humanity itself. How to cite Linden Hills and the Struggles That Come with I, Papers

Social and Cultural Perspectives Relating to Health †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Critical Reflection on the Social and Cultural Perspectives Relating to Health. Answer: This reflective journal will critically examine the social perspectives and cultural factors, social determinants approaches, social and cultural theories and approaches related to the public health, social changes, movements, inclusion, and social justice, and health inequalities. This journal will put the critical reflections on the social and cultural factors and perspectives responsible for the public health through my own learning experiences, thoughts, views, and opinions. The anthropological and social perspectives are focused on correlating the public health issues with the cultural and social issues. The culture is the system of shared values, beliefs, assumptions, concepts, ideas, and experiences that are shared among the people in their social lives. The cultural is a social system that establishes rules and standards as well as creates the liabilities, obligations, and responsibility of the society members to be social for developing the social relationships with the families, communities, and society as well as protecting the families, land, and natural environment. The society is comprised of the individuals or population that is marked by the relative separation from the distinctive culture and surrounding populations(Australian Social Inclusion Board, 2012). The culture guides the humans or living people how to behave with the family members, society people, relative, community and local environment through a set of guidelines. The anthropology focuses on the small-sized, rural areas, and underdeveloped cultures rather than the industrialist, large-scale, urban population or capitalist cultures. The anthropological approach relates to the cultural relevance for issuing the power, control, defiance, and resistance affiliated with the health problems, healing, and illness. The social epidemiology focuses on the social variables or demographic differences, such as social status, marital status, income, family, social backgrounds, occupation, and disposable income. While, the cultural epidemiology focuses on the cultural diversities, disease classification, cultural risks, behavior, assumptions, and cultural health issues. The social epidemiology in the case of Titanic marine mortality shows the relationship between the social class and mortality, while the cultural epidemiology emphasized the cultural values of the women, crew, and children in the maritime accidents interacting with the social class and rules (Cameron, et al., 2012). The cultural factors comprise of the healing system, illness experience, and patient-practitioner transactions. The diseases require for the curing and illness requires for the healing. The healing system of illness is categorized to the health problems and diagnosing the illness. The genres in the narrative medicine include medical fiction, medical autobiography, lay exposition, writing exercises of the healthcare training, and the stories from the practices. From the theory of Burk, the key concepts include biographical disruption and narrative reconstruction. The chronic narratives include contingent (origins, symptoms, and effects of illness), moral (social, ethical, and harmony relationship with society people, relatives, colleagues and family), and core narratives (identity change and self-presentation). The life-threatening illness includes chaos, quest, and restitution). From the concept of Cassell (1991), the people realize pain when the pain is overwhelming and out of contr ol, source of pain is unknown and apparently sight without end. While, the suffering is opposite to this in which source of pain is known, controlled position, and ended (Fraser, 2009). The illness narratives explain the illness events, reconstruct the history of chronic illness, and transform the illness from the individual to the collective phenomenon. The illness narratives encourage the people to write, speak, represent, illustrate, and enact with the stories. The lay accounts of the health and illness include using body as a machine under siege, will-power account, robust individualism, gods power account, cultural critics, and health promotional account to maintain the healthier life style. The spirituality promotes connectedness that includes relationship with self, others, natural places and things, and with the transcendence. The spirituality is expressed through the values, beliefs, norms, practices, traditions, and customs. The malignant social psychology concept of Kitwoodb (1997) includes labeling, outpacing, disruption, ignoring, withholding, banishment, treachery, intimidation, disempowerment, imposition, mockery, accusation, stigmatization, invalidat ion, disparagement, and objectification causing for the public health problems and issues (Cobb, et al., 2012). The social factors could be considered for understanding how the social relationships, processes, and organizations create inequalities. The social systems structures, changes, and functioning affect the society members. The social system is required to ensure adaptation to the environment, goals-attainment, social integration, and motivation of the society members. The structural features of the social system, such as political system (government intervention and bureaucracy and political parties), economy system (economic conditions, banking system, and industry), kinship (marriage and family relationship), and cultural and community organizations (schools, church, hospitals, and media organizations) are such concerns that affect the public health problems and safety issues. The society is characterized by the social interaction, harmony relationships, and linkages between the social people and social organizations. The social structure system could be improved by avoiding or preventing the public health issues, illness, diseases, and accidents by developing effective social health structure through the establishment of the hospitals, clinics, and health care system and employing the health professionals rehabilitating them to carry-out their roles, duties, and responsibilities effectively (Fraser, 2010). The sick person could be kept exempted from playing the normal social duties and responsibility. Goffman describes the symbolic interaction that bridges the sociological and psychological approaches. Germov approach defines the social system as cumulative action of the human efforts, interpretation, and interactions. The healthcare professionals could perform the social services for curing or healing the sickness or accidents. Applying the objective and scientific knowledge can assist to control on the diseases or social inequalities based on the gender, class, and ethnicity. According to the Feminist perspectives, the healthcare professionals enforce the motherhood and social norms of the femininity in their healthcare practices. The womens lives are revolved around the reproductive life cycle through the peripheral structures repressed and exploited by the society (Australian Social Inclusion Board, 2012). According to the Marxism approach of the social inequality, the society is exploitive and conflicted as the healthcare professionals focus and reinforce the individualized understanding of health. From the perspective of Foucault, the social construction is the social networking of power relationship in which the illness is identified through a set of tables. According to the social determinant approach, the social factors should be considered affecting the public health in the society. The social determinants of health are brought about to make changes in the health either for better health or worse cure or treatment. The social determinants include the social policies, ethnicity, gender, social backgrounds, socio-economic status, political and economic changes, social norms, network, social science, cultural change, community focus and intervention, biological science, and health facilities and clinics are such issues that affect the health issues of the society people. The poor health conditions, unemployment, unsafe workplace, globalization, and urban slums cause for the health problems in the societies. The environmental determinants influencing the public health include physical environmental conditions, working environment, unemployment, housing, overcrowding, water and sanitation, pollution, land degradation and biodiversity agric ulture and foods production, and use of pesticides, fertilizers, and insecticides in the crops are such determinants that affect the health issues (Frohlich and Potvin, 2010). The biological determinants affecting the public health include age (higher age mortality rates), sex (higher male mortality rates), and heredity factors (genetic effect on health issues). Public health is the most powerful social determinant that is more than the absence or prevention of disease, sickness, and disability. The old public health policy focuses on the physical and hygienic work environment for reducing/preventing the illness or diseases, while new health policy focuses on the social environment for healthier and social life. From the social scientific perspective of Germov (2006), the social scientific approach depends upon the cultural, historical, structural, and critical factors that shape the social system. The social determinant approach could be understood better from the highly-articulated presentations of Sir Harry Burns who represented about the spiritual care and health for improving the health outcomes, conditions, and well-being through an international teleconference held at Glasgow (Fraser, 2010). The reports on the social determinants of the WHO by Michael Marmot (the chairman of the WHO) represented how the social determinants affect the health and well-being of the society individuals. The contemporary practices about the health services, social, and ecological/holistic approaches are related to the public health. The healthcare services, such as hospitals, healthcare centers, private clinics, community health centers, midwifery, infant welfare, general healthcare practices, population health, and aged care facilities are aimed at improving the health system through the proper care in the form of curing, treatment, and prevention of the illness, disease control, and health promotion. The expert treatment requires referring, accessing, prognosticating, diagnosing, curing, treating, and managing the health system as well as researching the investigating treatments. The social health services, such as agricultural and community groups, water, housing, and social environment, transportation, schools, colleges, electricity supply, and commodity pricing and income levels affect the healthcare system of the society individuals (Hahn and Inhorn, 2009). The social healthcare system is aimed at improving the health promotion through the social inclusion, citizen participation, social exclusion, and the core social activities (such as negotiations, social power, networks, allocation, mediation, prioritization, counseling, and collaboration with the society members). For improving the public health in the societies, the healthcare systems in the communities or society areas are required more specialist medical teams in the disability and chronic illness, more hospitals and healthcare clinics, charity healthcare foundations, primary or emergency healthcare treatment, and long-term care facilities and provisions of the medical therapies for the disabled and chronically-ill people (Rumbold, 2012). The social approach of the healthcare system is related to understanding the social determinants, health behaviors, health policies, illness experience, and professional health expertise or knowledge for influencing the health system. But, the c ontradictory health analysis, complex social discussion, and physical system can create limitations to the social health system. The holistic or ecological approach focuses on communication, human dignity, life fulfillment, achievements, commitment, sharing, dedication, sacrifice, social responsibility, faithfulness and ecological adaptation for the health promotion or improving the health conditions. The ecological/holistic approach is aimed at understanding the environmental determinants and global environment and cultural system that shape the physical environment. The ecological approach could face problem in persuading, convincing, and influencing the people. According to this approach, the health promotion is aimed at healing, curing, and wholeness as the illness is caused from the failure to engage with the life and inability to develop capabilities. The healthcare promotion in the society includes the core activities, such as guiding, healing, curing, nurturing, empowering, liberating, sustaining, and reconciling (Lynch, 2012). The BPS health care approach focuses on understanding the biological determ inants (sex, age, and heredity effect), addressing the individual health behaviors and connecting the psychological processes with the individual behaviors. Health education and training, employment, housing and accommodation, economic resources, family functioning and community well-being, population size, cultural programs and leisure activities, social cohesion, economic growth, and environmental quality are major areas of the individual health and community well-being. The resources, such as natural capital (sunlight, water, fauna, flora, atmosphere, soil, minerals, energy sources, and ecosystem), economic capital (economic assets, income sources, financial and non-financial corporations, like technology, transport and communication, infrastructure, and public facilities), and human capital (skills, knowledge, capabilities, and experiences) affect the healthcare system of the society individuals. The social capital includes the networks (bridging, bonding, and linkage), network composition (family, friends, relatives, colleagues, association, organization/groups, and general people), and network structure (size, communication mode, density and openness, power relationship, and social mobility/movements). It also involves the network transactions (sharing knowledge and information practices, negotiations, sanctions, and sharing the physical, financial, and emotional support), and network qualities (social relationships, social norms, social changes or inclusion purpose, cohesion, social, civic, community, and economic participation), reciprocity, mutual trust and understanding, and civic participation that affect the health system of the society individuals (Parker, 2012). According to the concept of Weber, the social circumstances shape the life styles. The social capital reflects the cooperation, participation, and mutual trust, but it can also create the social exclusion an d inequalities. The social exclusion is denial or abuse of the resources, rights, and inability to participate in the social relationships. It is connected with the boundaries of the social, political, legal, and economic areas and affects the living standards, equity, and cohesion among the society people. The mechanism of the social exclusion includes systematic discrimination, discomfort, deformity, mental disorder, and tribal factors (religion, race, and ethnicity). The lack of the human, financial, and social capital, unemployment, language, ethnic, and discrimination barriers, and environmental deficiencies create barriers to civic or social participation. According to Social Exclusion Matrix of Bristol (2007), the social exclusion has three dimensions including quality of life (care, well-being, nutrition, living environment), resources (material, financial, economic, physical, humans, and social resources), and participation (economic, social, cultural, civic, and emotional participation). The social inclusion is the socially inclusive conditions where an individual feels valued, respected, self-motivated, and participated. The social inclusion includes being socially responsible and inclusive for promoting the health. It creates opportunities for the individuals through learning, work, engagement, and having a voice. The learning culture, education and training, employment, healthy working conditions, adequate sources, participation, and empowerment are favorable conditions of the social inclusion that affect the quality of life and welfare of the society individuals. The social justice promotes the fairness, equality, and transparency by avoiding the discrimination as the fairness is central to the social justice approach (Teater, 2010). It is based on two theories arrangement-focused (focused on the institutional arrangements and structures) and realization focused (situation based or focused on the agency). AS per the theoretical concept of Bruce Rumbold, the social changes, social justice, and social inclusion encourage the health promotion. The social changes, such as social movements foster the goal achievement, morality, social interactions and transaction for meeting their personal and social needs and expectations. The social movements, such as health access movements, embodied health movements, and constituency basis health movements are collective efforts for promoting the health awareness for the wellness and welfare of the society people by avoiding their health problems, grievances, and illness. For example- the Breast Cancer movement and HIV AIDS Movement are the social health movements that are run for the rehabilitation, treatment, and public awareness for the prevention. The embodied health social movements embody the healthcare practices and experiences into the social awareness and challenge the scientific and medical knowledge (Rumbold, 2012). These involve the collabo ration with the health professionals, scientists, and researchers in pursuing the treatment, funding, prevention, and research. For example, SANE supports the communities, families, cares, and society people through the mental health care services. The cultural competence recognizes the ability of the individuals to work effectively with the people of diverse cultural backgrounds. It includes the cultural responsive, humility, aware, relevant, and sensitive. The cultural conditions (language differences, arts, historical backgrounds, cultural programs, sports events, religions), political conditions (government intervention and spending pattern, society constructions, power, political processes), legal (judiciary system, legal processes, rules and regulations, legal rights, representation, regulatory frameworks and mechanism, movement, associations, civil and constitutional laws), and institutional conditions (institution for promoting the public health (WHO, UNESCO), promotion of economic stability (international monetary fund, reserve bank), and agencies for the policy implementation (ombudsman and tribunals)affect the social health system. From the journal of Sabrina Gupta, it is reflected that Anglo-Australian people (AA, Australian born living in India, Sri Lanka) faced the cardiovascular or heart diseases because of the Australian origin. While, on the other hand the Australian dwelling South Asian People (SA Indian, and Sri Lankan Background people, immigrants to Australia) faced the type 2diseases and low BMI because of the country of Indian subcontinent origin (Scambler, 2009). This case emphasizes the racism (physical characteristics) and ethnicity (social characteristics), such as discrimination, heterogeneity, difference in social status, engagement, and behaviors, and different risk profiles. From the demographic studies, it is reflected that the most participants (AA- 88%, SA 81%-among them faced diabetes 2 in comparison to CVD disease (AA- 13% and SA-37%) for the age range (AAs-39-74 years and SAs-28-80 years). The societies follow the social hierarchical structures that reflect the gradient health system that is better at the top than bottom. The most number of the diseases concentrated at smaller ages are at the bottom. For example, from the WHO report, the life expectancy for India, Philippines, Korea, Lithuania, Poland, Mexico, Cuba, US, UK are representatively 61, 65, 65, 66, 71,72, 75, 75, and 76. The difference of the life expectancy from 1972-1976 and 1992-1996 for men increased from 5.5 to 9.5 and for women increase from 5.3 to 6.4. The WHO reports also show that the most number of deaths in the USA caused from the heart diseases (26%), Melignant Neoplasm (20%), CVD (6%), chronic illness (4%), injuries (3.5%), and diabetes (2.5%). The causes for the deaths in the societies of the USA include Tobacco use (18%), Physical inactivity, poor dieting (15%), and alcohol consumption (3.5%). Managing health and illness is required biological (better cure and treatment), socio-cultural (pursu ing social equity), and psychological explanation (promoting the healthier life styles). The health inequalities show differences in mortality, morbidity, the lack of access to health services, workplace injury rates, and infectious diseases that are unavoidable, unnecessary, unjust, and unfair. The health inequalities are caused due to the income and education disparities, socio-economic status, poor nutrition, physical inactivity, smoking, alcohol consumption, and unfair trade, the lack of autonomy, globalization impact, and ethnicity. The life expectancy, literacy, infant and mortality, imprisonment, social mobility, trust, cohesion, obesity, mental illness, alcohol consumption are indexes of the social and health problems (Parker, 2010). According to Scambler (2009), the exercise of power includes violence, exploitation, powerless, marginalization, and cultural imperialism. The stigma arises from the social consensus that labels the individuals in the specific category. Ageing, dying, and disability are likely to increase in the years of life. The Healthy End of Life Program (HELP) is a part of the community development model that includes OTTAWA Charter, community development, compassionate communities, social change, social network research, and public health principles. The Victorian Council support the community development by focusing on building the organizational capacity, community capacity, using evidence-based and sustainable public health interventions, and evaluate the effectiveness of this approach. According to OTTAWA Charter, the health promotion is required strengthening the community action, developing personal skills, reorienting the health services, creating the harmonious and supportive environment, and mediating, enabling, and advocating for the health. The public health management services promote the palliative care services (strengthening community action, creating healthy environment, build public health policies, and personal skills development) and compassionating communities. The compensation focuses on responding with generousness and humanity to the persons pain, discomfort, distress, grievance, and anxiety (Lynch, 2012). The effectiveness of the social health system requires clean and safe environment, community involvement, sustainable ecosystem, and diverse innovative economy, ease of access of the health services, and pollution and risk free environment. According to public health model of bereavement support, the risk factor is classified into three categor ies high risk 6.4% (10%), moderate risk (35.2%) 30%, and low risks 58.4% (60%). Education is used as a social determinant of the health for the well-being, and better health of the individuals in the society because it is used to educate and aware the people and influence their health behaviors directly. While, the negative school experience is related to the abuse of power, violence, smoking and alcohol consumption, fighting, disconnection and disobeying the family members and peers, irregular routines, and substantial use. The Pavilion School approach focuses on the 50/50 staffing model, building positive and harmony relationship between the staffs and students, no exclusion, constructed classes, flexible schooling time and student working (Puchalski, et al., 2012). The socially just schooling approach includes dimensions affective justice (Lynch), Distributive justice (Fraser), Representative Justice (Fraser), Recognitive Justice (Fraser) and Contributive Justice (Sayer). From the above reflections, it is critically reviewed that there are several social and cultural perspectives, approaches, theories, and factors that create the social and health inequalities, problems, and contemporary health practices affecting the life styles, living standards, and social healthcare system of the individuals in the society. References Australian Social Inclusion Board (2012) Social inclusion in Australia: How Australia is faring. [Online]. Available at: https://www.socialinclusion.gov.au. (Accessed: 25 October 2017). Cameron, A., Lart, R., Bostock, L., and Coomber, C. (2012)Factors that promote and hinder joint and integrated working between health and social care services.London: SCIE. Cobb, M., Puchalski, C., and Rumbold, B. (2012) The Oxford Textbook of Spirituality in Healthcare. New York: Oxford University Press. Fraser, N. (2009) Scales of justice: Reimagining political space in a globalizing world. New York: Columbia University Press. Fraser, N. (2010) Injustice at intersecting scales: On social exclusion and the global poor. European Journal of Social Theory, 13 (3), pp. 363-371. Frohlich, K. and Potvin, L. (2010) Commentary: Structure or agency?Int J Epidemiology, 39, pp.378-379. Hahn, R. and Inhorn, M. (2009) Anthropology Public Health: bridging differences in culture society. New York: Oxford University Press. Lynch, K. (2012) Affective equality as a key issue of justice: A comment on Frasers 3 -Dimensional framework, Social Justice Series, 12(3), pp. 45-64. Parker, J. (2010)Effective Practice Learning in Social Work.Exeter: Learning Matters. Rumbold, B. (2012) Models of spiritual care, The Oxford Textbook of Spirituality in Healthcare. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 177-183. Scambler, G. (2009) Health-related stigma, Sociology of Health and Illness. 31(3), pp. 441-455. Teater, B. (2010)An Introduction to Applying Social Work Theories and Methods. Maidenhead: Open University Press.

Kurt Cobains Death free essay sample

Kurt Cobain: Murder or Suicide? On April 8, 1994 Kurt D. Cobain’s body was discovered in his home in Seattle, Washington. Cobain was the front-man for Nirvana, a 90’s grunge band hailed as the â€Å"flagship band† of Generation X, who produced well-known hits such as â€Å"Smells Like Teen Spirit† and â€Å"Heart-Shaped Box. † His death shocked the nation, leading to many copy-cat suicides and leaving many of the youth feeling hopeless and abandoned. Although everyone knew he was a suicidal drug addict, no one believed that he killed himself. People often theorized that Courtney Love was his murderer, not that she held the gun to his head, but that she hired someone to kill him. So the question still stands 17 years later: Did he commit suicide or not? Theory #1 Murder: Love DeWitt Many people began to theorize that Courtney Love, Cobain’s wife and mother of their daughter Frances Bean, and Michael DeWitt, a male nanny that resided in the Cobain residence, had something to do with his death. We will write a custom essay sample on Kurt Cobains Death or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page People began to say that Love and DeWitt conspired to kill Kurt because the two were in love with each other, and Courtney knew that Kurt would not let her go that easily. DeWitt and Love were never accused of having an affair. The only thing that led to this theory was a note that DeWitt had written Kurt about learning to take care of his responsibilities, Frances and Courtney, and to clean up his act. Theory #2 Murder: Love Pays Someone to Kill Cobain After Kurt’s death a gentleman who calls himself El Duce, the lead singer of an LA band called â€Å"the Mentors,† had told reporters that Courtney Love had offered him $50,000 dollars to kill Kurt Cobain. Even though he had said he was not able to carry out her offer because his band was touring, he brought it to the public’s attention that Love would have very well paid some hit-man to kill her husband. Another reason for this is that Kurt and Courtney were on the brink of divorce and he wanted her name pulled out of the will, so before he could do so, she wanted him dead. First off why would Love ask someone to carry out a deed such as this the first time meeting them and in public? Also how would her name being pulled out of the will devastate her since her band, Hole which she was the lead singer and guitar player of, was just as successful as his, which meant making the same amount of money as he did? Theory #3 Suicide: Cobain Reached the Peak of Fame I believe that the ruling of death was completely right: Kurt Cobain had committed suicide. There is substantial evidence that his death was self-inflicted. Not only was he released from detox about seven days before his death, but he also had a friend buy him a shot gun days before that. Cobain was a heroin addict, clinically depressed and also bipolar. He often told people, namely his band mates, how he wanted to die. Evidence #1: Heroin Blood Levels On April 14, 1994 the Seattle Post-Intelligencer released the official toxicology report that concluded that Cobain’s blood levels contained 1. 52 milligrams of heroin per litre of blood. Many people on the bandwagon of his murder will believe Grant, an investigator and the main person trying to prove Cobain was murdered, when he claims that anyone with that amount of Heroin in their system could not keep injecting themselves let alone pick up a gun and fire it. But sadly for those who has decided to believe Grant it is well known among doctors and addicts alike that if you have done heroin for many years, at very high doses which often led to overdoses, as Cobain experiences often, that you will develop a high tolerance which means it will take higher amounts to get you high and an even higher amount to kill you. Evidence #2: The Suicide Note It is almost always a given that when there is a note in the vicinity of a dead body it was most likely a suicide. The note that was only a few feet from the dead body of Kurt Cobain was written to explain his intent to leave not only Courtney, as they were planning on a divorce which is a big reason on why people believe she had something to do with it, but Seattle and the music business as well. At the bottom of the note there are a few lines that often make people question if those were also written my Kurt. Those last lines are said to be the only ones that infer suicide, even though to me the way he wrote the rest implies it as well, are believed to be written either by Courtney or the nanny. Anyone who has done drugs knows that when you shoot up that your functions slowly shut down, which is one explanation for the difference in hand writing, or even the fact that he was suicidal, maybe he was crying which would blur his vision and make it hard to write correctly. Evidence #3: The Gun Cobain had used a Remington Model 11, 20 Gauge Shotgun to shoot himself. First off with the conspiracy theories, people say he used just a regular hunting rifle (Remington Model 700), which is not true. Also many people say that he shot himself in the left temple, which makes absolutely no sense because first off he was right handed so it would be really awkward for him to reach around with a bulky shotgun to shoot himself on the left side. Also people should learn to not believe everything they see because the picture of his death that was published was a fake, and also the reason many people believe the temple theory. No blood was ever found on the right side of his head, which means that the bullet did not enter the left side nor exit the right. The medical examiner’s report says that he held the gun into his mouth and fired the shot. There is ample evidence that it was in his mouth because of the burns and residue left there. Also many people feel that because there are no fingerprints on the trigger that he did not shoot himself, they believe the weapon was wiped clean. Gun experts have claimed that fingerprints can be extinguished when the gun recoils after being shot. Conclusion No matter what anyone says, I know that Kurt Cobain committed suicide, whether the fatal blow was due to the heroin or the bullet, he killed himself. Not only was he suicidal, depressed, and bipolar, he had reached the peak of fame. And in his book Journals he writes a section where he talks about when he hits the peak of fame he was going to kill himself, and this was written before Nirvana ever had gotten a gig. Another odd occurrence is that he died when he was 27 years old, along with other idols such as Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin and Jim Morrison. His sister told fans in the book Heavier Than Heaven written by Charles R Cross in 2001 that when Kurt was young he often talked about how he wanted to join the Forever 27 Club. There is ample evidence that he had killed himself and to support my view just look at his death certificate. For those whom think he was murdered, there is not one single piece of evidence that shows that anyone else injected the heroin into his system or shot him in the mouth. Yes Kurt Cobain was an American idol, yes his death has drastically affected the music world and yes he was on the top of the world but no one took that away from him other than himself. The only reason these theories have come about is because of a few reasons: it is hard to come to terms that someone so influential could kill themselves, it is hard to believe that his ‘psychotic’ wife had nothing to do with his death and that those people especially Grant just want to make money from the books and movies they keep making about it.

Comparison of hybrid vehicles with other types of power units The WritePass Journal

Comparison of hybrid vehicles with other types of power units 1 Introduction Comparison of hybrid vehicles with other types of power units 1 Introduction1.1 Investigation Purpose1.2   Methodology2 Hybrid Vehicle2.1 History2.2 How it functions2.3   Types of hybrids2.4   TechnologyWhy is it taking so long?Is hydrogen a safe fuel?Petroleum Dependency and Fuel Cell Vehicle’s3 Current Issues with Conventional Vehicles3.1   Fuel Capacity3.2 Environmental Issues4. Hybrid – Environmentally Friendly4.1 Benefits of a hybrid compared to a conventional4.2  Ã‚   Vehicle Emissions4.3 Buying a hybrid vehicle5.   Planning ScheduleRelated 1 Introduction 1.1 Investigation Purpose The times of low inflation have gone, especially in the resources centre and this is as a result of fossil fuels being capped with limit. Unfortunately, we can not reserve fossil fuels, such as coal and oil forever, though what we can do is introduce another power source for the likes of vehicles, whether this is a slowly but surely start, any positive impact on our fuel consumption as a whole and reduction of global warming. There is a vital need of this information to be distributed to individuals around the world, as whether it is our generation which faces the issue of green house gas emissions or the future generation, one way or another we have to deal with it. The idea is to make the world realise that term ‘hybrid’ is feasible and available to everyday consumers, of course at a price, but what isn’t? I will extract data from various research and development programs and compare it to the current hybrid’s which are available and observe the room for improvement. The contribution that will be put in has its limits, as I can not produce a new alternative or redevelop a current form, though it is my duty to identify and produce evidence of the type of hybrid and power units that can modernise today’s world effectively, safely and most importantly cleanly. I will determine how the new generation of hybrid cars, which uses a combination of two or more distinctive power units to move a vehicle. This will include the comparison with conventional power units, such as petrol and diesel engines. A thorough analysis will also be carried out, along with advantages and disadvantages, in relation to efficiency, resources, safety, performance emissions and other deriving factors. Hybrid vehicles are deemed to be the future for vehicle transportation, as fossil fuels are diminishing, whilst pollution is greater than ever. Technically, this is a resultant substitute for the conventional power source, though does this ultimately ridden the problem? If this is the case, would it a short or long term change? 1.2   Methodology I will extract information from various sources, including textbooks, internet and applying my common sense and literature towards it. I will firstly research in depth on the subject, and then followed by planning and structuring the report. I will use comparative arguments in order to review hybrid cars and other fuel types. 2 Hybrid Vehicle 2.1 History Since the early 1900’s, car designers have been experimenting with electric and hybrid power units. Hybrid vehicles were produced beginning as early as 1899 by Lohner-Porsche, who is best known for creating the first hybrid vehicle (gasoline-electric), the Volkswagen Beetle, the Mercedes-Benz SS/SSK, as well as the first of many Porsche cars. Early hybrids could be charged from an external source before operation; hence the term plug-in hybrid has come to mean a hybrid vehicle that can be charged from a standard electrical wall socket. While employed at Lohner Coach Factory, Ferdinand Porsche developed the Mixte; a 4WD series-hybrid version of System Lohner-Porsche electric carriage previously appeared in 1900 Paris World Fair. The Mixte included a pair of generators driven by 2.5-hp Daimler IC engines to extend operating range and it could travel nearly 40 miles on battery alone and it was presented in the Paris Auto Show in 1901. The Mixte broke several Austrian speed record s, and also won the Exelberg Rally in 1901 with Porsche himself driving. The Mixte used a gasoline engine powering a generator, which in turn powered electric hub motors, with a small battery pack for reliability. It had a top speed of 50  km/h and a power of 5.22  kW for 20 minutes. As a result of this, the internal combustion had reformed as the ‘best’ at the given time and inheriting the power source for automobiles for over a century. Between this time, petrol and diesel powered vehicles took the opportunity to boost their technological advancements, which included fuel injection and computer controlled systems that aided the fuel efficiency, safety and power. 2.2 How it functions As we know, a conventional car has a fuel tank, along with an internal combustion engine and a transmission, which ultimately work simultaneously to turn the wheels of the car, thus making movement. In saying so, the fuel tank allocates fuel, such as petrol or diesel to the engine and therefore, the engine processes the fuel through the transmission, causing the wheels to turn. Like all batteries, hybrid batteries have two electrodes (which collect or emit an electric charge) that sit in an ion-rich solution called the electrolyte. (An ion, by the way, is an atom or group of atoms with an electrical charge.) The electrodes are typically very close, so a polymer film, called a separator, prevents them from touching, which would create a short circuit. An on-off switch in whatever device is powered by the battery- your phone or laptop- bridges the cell’s electrodes to generate power. That’s when the electrochemical reaction begins. Keep in mind: What we commonly call â€Å"a battery† is actually a battery pack that houses many individual cells. Your mobile phone battery is just one single cell, but anything larger- even a laptop battery- uses multiple cells working together. Ionized elements in one electrode are in a chemical state where they are easily attracted to combine with other molecules, emitting electrons (energy) in the process. Those elements are tugged through the electrolyte and the separator toward the opposing electrode. The ions of the negative electrode (anode) give up electrons; the positive ions coming toward the anode accept them. The electrons released during this process travel through the external circuit (e.g. your phone), producing a flow of charge in the opposite direction to the flow of ions. During recharge, current is forced into the cell, reversing the process. As we take a tour of hybrid batteries, remember one thing: Total energy determines the vehicle’s electric range, whereas available power determines its acceleration.   (hybridcars.com/hybrid-car-battery ­) On the other hand, a hybrid vehicle consists of two parts, the internal combustion engine and the electric motor to form motion on the vehicle. Furthermore, the means of this is so that depending on the environment the vehicle is driving in, it will switch between the fuel engine and the electric motor, in order to maximise efficiency. Examples of this would be whether the vehicle was driving through urban or rural roads or even dependant on speed. This particular combination is called HEV (Hybrid Electric Vehicle) and is also important to note that is predominately used with diesel as the fuel 2.3   Types of hybrids There are many types of hybrids and whilst some are quite similar to each other, in terms of functionality, they are in fact two diverse designs. However, they are both built around improving fuel mileage and better the emissions to limit the harm to the environment. The Mild hybrid focuses more on the traditional fuel engine, whilst integrating the three major components. It is conveyed around the assistance of the electric motor’s function for the fuel engine. In the case of conventional vehicles, motion of the force is what makes it a fuel engine. In addition to this, the electric power only comes into the picture when further power is needed. Due to the fact that the vehicle is only using energy where essential, it is increasing fuel mileage. This design has enabled the electric motor to do more than one task, which is either charge the vehicles battery or use vital electricity to help boost the performance of the vehicle. Unfortunately, the design has limited the possibility of doing both tasks simultaneously. Honda is a prime example of Mild hybrid systems, developed in models such as the Civic and Insight. On the other hand, Full hybrid vehicles are designed differently, but the three key components are well and truly there. However, this is deemed to be more complex, in terms of benefiting the vehicle. The Full hybrid is able to utilise its electric motor independently under certain conditions of the fuel engine. The electric motor will take over, depending on certain models, which means if the vehicle is moving at a constant lower speed and will only have use of the fuel engine when acceleration is required. Though, if the fuel engine permits it, they can both work simultaneously. Periods of high speed, like in the case of highway passing is an example of the two engines working together. Full hybrid cars are capable of both charging and using energy from the battery at the same time. Ultimately, whether the vehicle is mid or full hybrid, they are both economically friendly, reducing emissions, whilst increasing whole life cost to include cost of manufacture. 2.4   Technology You can argue that, although the HEV is combined, the battery or electrical motor would still need to run on chargeable cells, thus being expensive. However, the defining feature the HEV has is its RESS (Rechargeable Energy Storage System), which productively allows the system to be recharged, from the actual process of operating the vehicle and does not need any form of ‘plugging in’. For example, the regenerative breaking converts the vehicles kinetic energy into energy, which is stored by the battery or capacitors. Hydrogen Fuel Cells: Hydrogen fuel cells consist of: Anode Membrane Cathode Electro engine Power electronics Batteries Hydrogen tank A fuel cell is a combination of electrodes sandwiched around an electrolyte. Oxygen passes over one electrode and hydrogen over the other, generating electricity, water and heat. There are two main hurdles that stand in the way of mass production and widespread consumer adoption of hydrogen fuel cells. One is the high cost of producing fuel cells, which cost $1million to produce one vehicle and Toyota and Honda are currently leasing to Japan and California. It is important to note that, although it seems very expensive to produce a vehicle right now, Toyota is hoping to reduce this cost to $50,000 by 2015. I believe that the current cost would not make a make a difference to society, as the same with the current hybrid of electric vehicles. The reason for this is because everything is in production and to be quite honest, the world is not ready for a huge step, especially when the acceptance of hybrid vehicles as a whole is still in acceptance and surge of demand still waits. The second issue, which of course is in relation to the first, typically consists of the lack of hydrogen refuelling stations. As we all know, it is safe to say that majority of vehicles on the road are under the influence of petrol or diesel applied engines. Therefore, oil companies may be reluctant to push the idea of hydrogen fuel, when they are perfectly indulging in their most profitable sector – petrol and diesel. And why not though? It is fairly logical to stand by your current business affairs when they are keeping yourself and shareholders happy. Though to be fair, Shell and BP have been promoting this idea and working with a dealership, which I will elaborate further down. There are many factors involved in which understandably fright oil companies, such as safety, cost and of course, lack of demand. However, one company which has an extremely good reputation with hydrogen being their middle name and this is the ‘California Fuel Cell Partnership’. They are a non-profit based company, who admire the concept of ending petroleum dependence and making a positive change to society. We can question whether this direction is possible or whether consumers will ultimately accept it, but without research and attempting to better the need for zero emissions as a whole, we will never know, right? As of now, we do not know any better, we isolate ourselves with the nature of life, believing that life today, will consist of the same resources in 50-100 years’ time – or do we know the truth about commodities and turn a blind eye to limited resources and let the future generation deal with it – perhaps. The California Fuel Cell Partnership is a public-private partnership to promote hydrogen vehicles (including cars and buses) in California. It is notable as one of the first initiatives for that purpose undertaken in the United States. In January 1999, two state government agencies- California Air Resources Board and California Energy Commission joined with six private sector companies- Ballard Power Systems, DaimlerChrysler, Ford Motor Company, BP, Shell Hydrogen and ChevronTexaco- to form the California Fuel Cell Partnership. The goal was to demonstrate and promote the potential for fuel cell vehicles as a clean, safe, and practical alternative to vehicles powered by internal combustion engines. Within a very short time, other government agencies and private businesses became members. In November 2000, the West Sacramento headquarters opened. The building includes a public gallery, offices, hydrogen fuelling station and indoor service bays for vehicle maintenance. At first, the automakers had just handful of cars all stationed in Sacramento. The goal was to see if these vehicles and fuel could be technically viable. If the answer was no, then CaFCP would close its doors in 2004. Before the first phase was finished, CaFCP members knew that the technology could succeed. The number of members grew to 33 and set a new set of goals for the next phase of operation, from 2004-2007. During this period, CaFCP members worked on project to prove or disprove the commercially viability- would the vehicles, fuels and public policies meet consumer expectations? In mid-2006, the members agreed that FCVs could be a commercial success. They agreed to a third phase through the end of 2012 to lay the foundations for a commercial market, which includes developing early retail stations, policies to enable the sale of retail hydrogen and necessary steps to building a supplier base for large-scale production in the future. CaFCP completed its first phase of operation in December, 2003. The second phase will conclude in December, 2007. In mid-2006, the members agreed to enter a third phase to encourage fuel cell vehicle commercialization that will continue through 2012. The California Fuel Cell Partnership is a unique collaborative of auto manufacturers, energy companies, fuel cell technology companies and government agencies. The members collaborate on activities that advance the technology, such as first responder training, community outreach and agreeing on protocols while standards are being developed. Automotive members provide fuel cell passenger vehicles that are placed in demonstration programs, where they are tested in real-world driving conditions. Energy members work to build hydrogen stations within an infrastructure that is safe, convenient and fits into the community. Fuel cell technology members provide fuel cells for passenger vehicles and transit buses. Government members lay the groundwork for demonstration programs by facilitating steps to creating a hydrogen fuelling infrastructure. What is the difference between a fuel cell and a battery? Fuel cells and batteries are similar because they use a chemical reaction to provide electricity. A battery stores the chemical reactants, usually metal compounds like lithium, zinc or manganese. Once used up, you must recharge or throw away the battery. On the other hand, a fuel cell actually creates electricity through reactants (hydrogen and oxygen) stored externally. The fuel cell will produce electricity as long as it has a fuel supply. In short, a fuel cell vehicle is refuelled instead of recharged. Why is it taking so long? Well, this is a question everyone wants to know the answer to, I mean if there, why not release it? The problem is, technology, especially being new takes many years to come to the market. Before selling anything, it is important to create and enforce regulations and standards, to ensure that consumers get what the pay for. The California Fuel Cell Partnership is a prime example of their members working together on the barriers which front us all and by doing so, they can streamline a process from years to months. Is hydrogen a safe fuel? The term ‘fuel’ is not to be taken lightly and when dealing with any type of fuel, it is important to handle with care, just as hydrogen is done. For more than 50 years, hydrogen has been produced and used for commercial and industrial purposes with an exemplary safety record. Like all fuels, hydrogen has high energy content and must be handled with care. CaFCP’s members are building fuel cell vehicles and fuelling stations that meet or exceed safety standards. In addition, our members are defining new safety measures. Like gasoline and other fuels, hydrogen is flammable. Unlike conventional fuels, it is very buoyant. With proper ventilation, hydrogen dissipates rapidly into the air, greatly reducing the chance of fire. Hydrogen is non-toxic, so if released it does not present a health hazard to humans and its effect on the environment is benign. Petroleum Dependency and Fuel Cell Vehicle’s Vehicles in the U.S. consume twice as much oil as the country produces. The number of vehicles on the road and the number of miles they drive increases every year, but U.S. oil production capacity remains about the same. In 2008, nation (U.S) consumed about 213,810 gallons of gasoline daily- 78 million barrels of oil in just one year. (A barrel is 42 U.S gallons.) The National Research Council projects that by 2050 they will consume about 1.5 billion gallons of gasoline a year, assuming that most of the vehicles on the road are highly efficient conventional, hybrid and flex fuel vehicles. If most of the vehicles are fuel cell and battery electric vehicles, gasoline consumption decreases by almost 70% to less than 50 million gallons a year- roughly half the current domestic oil production. 3 Current Issues with Conventional Vehicles 3.1   Fuel Capacity Fuel consumption and fossil fuels as a whole are again, diminishing is one of the reasons why hybrid vehicles and other power units are an opportunity cost.   On top of this, the annual fuel cost is increasing for conventional cars, whether it is petrol or diesel. Due to the environment we live in, it is impossible to rely on the fossil fuel itself to increase Miles Per Gallon, instead the only option is to render the current technology of the vehicle. Nevertheless, there are myths out there which try to better than conventional car with the likes of driving economically or using premium petrol, but how real are these myths? Well according to Susan Winlaw, co-author of the book, Car Advice for Women (and Smart Men says, â€Å"Unless you have a job that requires regular sessions on a racetrack, there is no legitimate need to ever put premium fuel in your vehicle. Using regular gas could cost you a few horsepower when you’re driving at higher speeds, but chances are you won’t notice the difference, and it definitely won’t hurt your car. Your engine’s fuel-management system is perfectly prepared to handle lower-octane fuel† says Winlaw. (Source:http://moneywatch.bnet.com/economic-news/article/6-myths-about-gas-mileage/317188/). Well, this is down to personal experience and most importantly, trial and error, unless this is a fact, as the norm would be, most individuals would not want pay the higher price to observe savings, when fuel prices are costly in the first place. So how do we be more economical? Do we drive with our air conditioning off or do we drive the road speed limit? In my experience, I was never fond of speed cameras being put left, right and centre and the daring part of being on the lookout for those cars with the flashing lights. Though I have to say, driving according to the road speed limit actually increased my MPG from A to B, which thoroughly surprised me to say that I do favour speed cameras and speed limits. In relation to this, it has been stated in reality ‘fuel efficiency doesn’t really start to drop until you reach speeds higher than 60. And how smoothly you drive makes much more of a difference on petrol mileage than how fast.’ 3.2 Environmental Issues Another major factor of changing our system is environmental factors. Global warming is amongst one of the major factors, for example just burning a gallon of petrol when combined with oxygen; it produces almost 20 pounds of Carbon Dioxide CO2. The idea from moving to a more ‘green’ vehicle from a conventional can literally reduce the number of greenhouse gases emitted by SI units. There have also been ways for awareness, such as energy rating for vehicles. The useful part we want is movement. We measure the weight of the vehicle and determine how much energy is being delivered to accelerate or maintain movement of the vehicle against external resistance. Then we could compare this to the amount of energy being put into the system. Useful power out over power input will give you the efficiency. As a result, the higher the CO2 emissions, the higher rate of road tax you will pay on the vehicle. Below is a diagram illustrating the CO2 emissions chart: Figure 1 At the end of the day, scientists and engineers are attempting to overcome obstacles, taking cars from the laboratory to the showroom, so that the first affordable and realistic car powered by hydrogen and pollution-free is driven by a child born today for their future. The government has pledged $1.7 billion in the U.S. for hydrogen research and development over the next five years, securing funding, however the objective is to overcome the obstacles involved in making hydrogen a viable energy source. There is a high significance of environmental benefits of hydrogen, whether individuals believe it or not, as facts are facts, hydrogen can be pollution-free and infinitely renewable through wind, solar and hydropower sources. Either way, the importance is high, I mean, how long can we keep surviving on ‘non-renewable’ sources for? However, the phrase ‘nothing is free in this world’ is true, in my opinion and you can not blame critics, who argue that the fuel source does have its environmental drawbacks; as they say, nothing is perfect. According to the National Hydrogen Energy Roadmap, it said that it requires up to 90 percent of all hydrogen has been refined from non-renewable sources, oil, natural gas and other fossil fuels. Does this mean we’re back to square one or is this just a stepping stone? So we agree that the extraction of hydrogen from fossil fuels may not be environmentally friendly, though once the hydrogen is in a fuel cell car, only water vapour and heat will be expelled from the exhaust. But it is the burning of the fossil fuels, which are used obtain the hydrogen and this releases carbon dioxide, which is the primary cause of global warming. Even some scientists say that the hydrogen which has been extracted from fossil fuels creates an impact of the environment by releasing carbon dioxide in the air, which defeats the point of a clean-energy provider. On the other hand, were bridges built with a perfect structure? Or were car engines primarily built efficiently? I think not, so my point is that we need to use current fossil fuels to perform trial and error, hence the term ‘hybrid’. But most importantly, this is all for the future and the main thing is that were making progressive now, whether it requires other sources of elements which contradict itself, though we just merely use it as a stepping stone. President Bushs 2004 budget asks for more than $22 million for hydrogen research and development to be devoted to coal, nuclear power and natural gas, and $17 million for renewable sources. Cutting RD for renewable sources and replacing them with fossil and nuclear doesnt make for a sustainable approach, said Jason Mark, director of the clean vehicles program for the Union of Concerned Scientists. A recent study warns of the danger of releasing hydrogen itself into the atmosphere. Los Alamos researcher Thom Rahn led a team of scientists from California universities and the National Centre for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colo. Their study of the natural cycle of atmospheric hydrogen was recently published in the British science journal Nature, and finds that substantially increased hydrogen production has the potential to damage the upper atmosphere. Escaped hydrogen could build up, depleting the ozone layer near the North and South poles and triggering an increase in global warming. The study also warns that hydrogen may further contribute to global warming by aiding other chemicals in producing increased amounts of water vapour in the upper atmosphere. It is impossible to manufacture, store and transport hydrogen without at least some fractional loss (to the atmosphere), Rahn said. Researchers from the California Institute of Technology estimate that leaked hydrogen in a hydrogen economy could cause as much as a 10 percent decrease in the stratospheric zone. If hydrogen replaces fossil fuels as the worlds main energy source, the researchers believe that each year 60 trillion to 120 trillion grams of hydrogen could be released into the atmosphere. This is four to eight times the amount that is currently released. The impact of increased hydrogen production depends on how well the earth adapts to the change. John Eiler, assistant professor of geochemistry at CalTech, said, This man-made hydrogen will either be absorbed in the soil a process that is still poorly understood but likely free of environmental consequences or will react with other compounds in the atmosphere. Determining which of these two processes dominates should be a solvable problem. Tracey Tromp, another CalTech researcher, contends that early recognition of problems will mitigate hydrogen fuels environmental flaws. If hydrogen emissions present an environmental hazard, then recognizing that hazard now can help guide investments in technologies to favour designs that minimize leakage, Tromp said. The CalTech researchers, like other scientists looking at the environmental impact of increased hydrogen production, believe that the sooner such problems are identified, the easier it will be to find solutions to make a hydrogen economy truly feasible. 4. Hybrid – Environmentally Friendly 4.1 Benefits of a hybrid compared to a conventional The hybrid vehicle typically achieves greater fuel economy and lower emissions than conventional Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (ICEV), resulting in fewer emissions being generated. These savings are primarily achieved by three elements of a typical hybrid design: Relying on both the engine and the electric motors for peak power needs, resulting in a smaller engine sized more for average usage rather than peak power usage. A smaller engine can have less internal losses and lower weight. Having significant battery storage capacity to store and reuse recaptured energy, especially in stop-and-go traffic, which is represented by the city driving cycle. Recapturing significant amounts of energy, whilst braking that are normally wasted as heat. This regenerative braking reduces vehicle speed by converting some of its kinetic energy into electricity, depending upon the power rating of the motor/generator. Other techniques that are not necessarily hybrid features, but that are frequently found on hybrid vehicles include: shutting down the engine during traffic stops or while coasting or during other idle periods; Improving aerodynamics; (part of the reason that SUVs get such bad fuel economy is the drag on the car. A box shaped car or truck has to exert more force to move through the air causing more stress on the engine making it work harder). Improving the shape and aerodynamics of a car is a good way to help better the fuel economy and also improve handling at the same time. Using low rolling resistance tyres were often made to give a quiet, smooth ride, high grip, etc., but efficiency was a lower priority). Tyres cause mechanical drag, once again making the engine work harder, consuming more fuel. Hybrid cars may use special tyres that are more inflated than regular tyres and stiffer or by choice of carcass structure and rubber compound have lower rolling resistance while retaining acceptable grip, and so improving fuel economy whatever the power source. Powering the A/C, power steering, and other auxiliary pumps electrically as and when needed; this reduces mechanical losses when compared with driving them continuously with traditional engine belts. These features make a hybrid vehicle particularly efficient for city traffic where there are frequent stops, coasting and idling periods. In addition noise emissions are reduced, particularly at idling and low operating speeds, in comparison to conventional engine vehicles. For continuous high speed highway use these features are much less useful in reducing emissions. 4.2  Ã‚   Vehicle Emissions According to the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency), the recommended level for a typical passenger should equate to 5.5 metric tons of CO2. However, the three most popular hybrid vehicles have set a new standard by consistently reducing their emissions and surpassing the recommended levels. The vehicles are the Honda Civic, which produces 4.1 tons SI units, the Honda Insight at 3.5 tons SI units and last but not least, the Toyota Prius also being 3.5 tons SI units of CO2 emissions. 4.3 Buying a hybrid vehicle A hybrid car gets a much higher mileage, up to ten percent in some cases, and emits 97% less toxins into the environment than the average car. They are lighter and have a gentler impact on roads and soft terrain. With the price of gasoline soaring, a car that can run on both gas and electricity, depending on the circumstance, is a big advantage. Most people who decide to buy a hybrid car, however, cite a feel-good factor as their main reason for buying the car. It is their small way to contribute to a greener world. Despite all the benefits cited above, a hybrid car also has some downsides. For starters, they are expensive. A hybrid car tends to be more on average of  £3000, which is sometimes more expensive than a traditional car. They cost more to register, and repair costs tend to be hefty, as the entire car systems are intrinsically connected, and only expert mechanics can handle repairs. Parts may not be readily available, which could mean being without a car for a longer period as you is waiting for it to be repaired. 5.   Planning Schedule Gantt chart: Conclusion: The information gathered can be elaborated excessively, though I will quantify the relevant information where necessary. This preliminary report demonstrates how much of a positive impact hybrid vehicles have and how fuel efficiency in various sectors, such as fossil fuels and   global warming can be significantly reduced. As for hybrid vehicles themselves, it illustrates their efficiency in major development, for years to come. They have proven to be more effective than conventional vehicles and although they may be more expensive now, the long term effects are more beneficial. References: ehow.com/how-does_4969688_hybrid-vehicles-function.html#ixzz17erGrIGx http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle#Predecessors_of_current_technology http://news.carjunky.com/alternative_fuel_vehicles/how-hybrid-cars-work-ab410.shtml thegreencarwebsite.co.uk/blog/index.php/environmental-impact-information-tips-and-incentives-on-becoming-a-green-car-driver/#impact http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle#Fuel_consumption_and_emissions_reductions wisegeek.com/should-i-buy-a-hybrid-car.htm

Biography of John Napier, Scottish Mathematician

Biography of John Napier, Scottish Mathematician John Napier (1550-April 4, 1617) was a Scottish mathematician and theological writer who developed the concept of  logarithms and the decimal point as a mathematical calculation method. He also had an influence in the world of physics and astronomy. Fast Facts: John Napier Known For: Developing and introducing the concept of logarithms, Napiers Bones and the decimal point.Born: 1550 at Merchiston Castle, near  Edinburgh, ScotlandDied: April 4, 1617, at Merchiston CastleSpouse(s): Elizabeth Stirling (m. 1572-1579), Agnes ChisholmChildren: 12 (2 with Stirling, 10 with Chisholm)Notable Quote: Seeing there is nothing that is so troublesome to mathematical practice.... than the multiplications, divisions, square and cubical extractions of great numbers, which besides the tedious expense of time are... subject to many slippery errors, I began, therefore, to consider [how] I might remove those hindrances. Early Life Napier was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, into the Scottish nobility. Since his father was Sir Archibald Napier of Merchiston Castle, and his mother, Janet Bothwell, was the daughter of a member of Parliament, John Napier became the laird (property owner) of Merchiston. Napiers father was only 16 when his son, John, was born. As was the practice for members of the nobility, Napier did not enter school until he was 13. He did not stay in school very long, however. It is believed that he dropped out and traveled in  Europe to continue his studies. Little is known about these years, where or when he may have studied. In 1571, Napier turned 21 and returned to Scotland. The following year he married Elizabeth Stirling, daughter of Scottish mathematician James Stirling (1692-1770), and bat a castle at Gartnes in 1574. The couple had two children before Elizabeth died in 1579. Napier later married Agnes Chisholm, with whom he had ten children. On the death of his father in 1608, Napier and his family moved into Merchiston Castle, where he lived the rest of his life. Napiers father had been deeply interested and involved in religious matters, and Napier himself was no different. Because of his inherited wealth, he needed no professional position. He kept himself very busy by being involved with the political and religious controversies of his time. For the most part, religion and politics in Scotland at this time pitted Catholics against Protestants. Napier was anti-Catholic, as evidenced by his 1593 book against Catholicism and the papacy (office of the pope) entitled A Plaine Discovery of the Whole Revelation of St. John. This attack was so popular that it was translated into several languages and saw many editions. Napier always felt that if he attained any fame at all in his life, it would be because of that book. Becoming an Inventor As a person of high energy and curiosity, Napier paid much attention to his landholdings and tried to improve the workings of his estate. Around the Edinburgh area, he became widely known as Marvellous Merchiston for the many ingenious mechanisms he built to improve his crops and cattle. He experimented with fertilizers to enrich his land, invented an apparatus to remove water from flooded coal pits, and bat devices to better survey and measure land. He also wrote about plans to bad elaborate devices that would deflect any Spanish invasion of the British Isles. In addition, he described military devices that were similar to todays submarine, machine gun, and army tank. He never attempted to build any of the military instruments, however. Napier had a great interest in astronomy. which led to his contribution to mathematics. John was not just a stargazer; he was involved in research that required lengthy and time-consuming calculations of very large numbers. Once the idea came to him that there might be a better and simpler way to perform large number calculations, Napier focused on the issue and spent twenty years perfecting his idea. The result of this work is what we now call  logarithms. The Father of Logarithms and the Decimal Point Napier realized that all numbers can be expressed in what is now called exponential form, meaning 8 can be written as 23, 16 as 24  and so on. What makes logarithms so useful is the fact that the operations of multiplication and division are reduced to simple addition and subtraction. When very large numbers are expressed as a logarithm, multiplication becomes the addition of  exponents. Example: 102  times 105  can be calculated as 10  25  or 107. This is easier than 100 times 100,000. Napier first made this discovery known in 1614 in his book called A Description of the Wonderful Canon of Logarithms. The author briefly described and explained his inventions, but more importantly, he included his first set of logarithmic tables. These tables were a stroke of genius and a big hit with astronomers and scientists. It is said that English mathematician Henry Briggs was so influenced by the tables that he traveled to Scotland just to meet the inventor. This lead to a cooperative improvement including the development of  Base 10. Napier was also responsible for advancing the notion of the decimal fraction by introducing the use of the decimal point. His suggestion that a simple point could be used to separate the whole number and fractional parts of a number soon became accepted practice throughout Great Britain. Edited by Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.

For Cullen and Gilbert 'rehabilitation should be the major goal of any Essay

For Cullen and Gilbert 'rehabilitation should be the major goal of any correctional system'. Critically discuss this proposition - Essay Example In addition, the strengths and weaknesses are also imparted to be able to portray the potential gain of the whole system and even the limitations. The main view of Cullen and Gilbert can be considered as positive theories to answer the problems of criminology. Rehabilitation is the main objective that can be projected in relation to the effect of application in the behaviour of the detainees. The positive view of the theory can be considered as a priority in contrary to that of the old theories of justice that involve deterrence and retribution. Through the course of modern justice system, it can be considered that the role of rehabilitation on the reform of the offenders had taken the main road and had produced influence. The said influence had developed on the turn of the 1900s wherein the development and changing of the characteristics and the attitudes of the criminals and offenders had been projected as the main solution for the decrease of the number of crimes (Cullen and Gendreau, 2000). Through the 70’s toward the end of the century, the effectiveness and the feasibility of the rehabilitation approach in the correctional systems had been criticized and questioned. Basically as the rehabilitation theory affirms that the crimes had been committed by the offenders on the basis of the problems in behaviour and inadequate decision making, critics believe that the process cannot help the society lessen criminals but there are dangers that rehabilitation cannot fully discipline the offenders. This can then pose danger to the welfare of the people (Wilson, 2005). In the presentation of the view of Cullen and Gilbert on the proper approach for correctional system, it is important to be able to present the different pros and cons. For that matter the criticisms of the rehabilitation theory is needed to be studied and scrutinized. The main scenario in the study undertaken by Cullen and Gilbert relates to the world in the

Reflect on the syndrome approach as a way to analyse complex systems Essay

Reflect on the syndrome approach as a way to analyse complex systems. How did it help - Essay Example In an attempt to reduce these nightmares another nightmare has been created. Hayden (2004) indicates that suburbia promised the ‘triple dream’ of community, house and land with back yard pools and flowering trees. However, it has led to a rather complex problem. This is described as the â€Å"Suburbia Syndrome†. The Suburbia Syndrome has been linked to a number of ills including obesity. The suburbia has also been linked to the crisis that unfolded in the recent past with the housing bust and the collapse of many financial institutions. Wasik (2009) has described the situation as the worst housing bust of all times and has linked it the realization of the American dream. The quest by every American to live in the suburbs is unsustainable as there is a connection between, economics, home ownership and the environment. The price of energy and other factors make it very clear that the present course of suburbia is unsustainable. Suburban conditions have been linked t o a situation of wastefulness and unsustainability. Jackson (1985, cited in Hayden 2004) indicated that the lengthy process of suburbanization would slow down because of rising energy and land costs which would lead people back to urban centers. However, this was not to be as ‘Americans have settled on the fringes of metropolitan regions’ much faster than they have ever done (Hayden 2004). More Americans were living the suburbs in 2000 than those living in central cities and rural areas combined (Hayden 2004). Many of the key economic and cultures centers including corporate headquarters and regional theaters had relocated to the suburbs. This was so while space was becoming more abundant in the urban centers. This indicates moving from one problem to another as the move to relieve the urban centers of certain problems have created the same problems elsewhere. Once a suburban area has been established the promoters

Art on Japanese Art History Essay Example for Free

Art on Japanese Art History Essay How can the artistic medium one chooses to use to express oneself determine whether or not it is truly art? While digital artists’ artistic ability is often questioned and the credit is given to the computer being used, the art itself springs from the mind of the digital artist. I can say this with personal fervor: Digital art is truly in essence a form of art that merely takes advantage of the innovations of modern technology. Digital Art isn’t computer-generated. While it might involve using tools offered by specialized computer programs a computer doesn’t do the thinking for you, and the creative ideas put forth are of the artist’s mind. Digital artist’s only use computer tools to convey their designs, all of the creative credibility should be given to the artist himself. Should the canvas the Mona Lisa was painted on be considered the creator of the masterpiece or rather Leonardo Da Vinci? Painters that stick to canvas are limiting themselves to the paint they use and the cotton woven fibers of their canvas. Why purposely choose to ignore the modern day tools that are given to you and condescendingly look down upon those who choose to utilize them? Over the years, I have spent a lot of my own time experimenting in the depths of digital art. Many times, I have used the computer as a medium for self expression; from creating to pictures on Microsoft paint as a child to experimenting with specialized software such as Adobe Photoshop. I have a deep and passionate love for creating and expressing myself through artwork on the computer. I one day aspire to have a profession in the field of digital art, such as a Graphic Designer. Because of this, I am very offended by the comments I hear from â€Å"traditional artists† that condescend digital art for its use of the computer as the artistic medium. When I hear comments that degrade digital artwork to computer-generated images, as though the computer itself designed the art I feel enraged and cheated. The other day a friend of mine ignorantly explained to me that she could, given the proper software, create her own masterpiece without any prior experience in digital art, as though anyone if given the proper software could instantaneously create masterpieces, when really there is so much more to digital art than computer software or the computer itself. It’s about one’s individual artistic talents. To me that would be the equivalent of saying that if I were given a canvas and a paintbrush I could instantaneously create a masterpiece, which I know is false and ignorant. Art is â€Å"the use of skill and imagination in the creation of aesthetic objects, environments, or experiences that can be shared with others† (Britannica). Digital art is a general term for a range of artistic works and practices that use digital technology as an essential part of the creative and/or presentation process. There are many different employment fields in digital art. A couple of examples are graphic design and web design. Graphic design is the process and art of combining text and graphics and communicating an effective message in the design of logos, graphics, brochures, newsletters, posters, signs, and any other type of visual communication. Famous Graphic Designer, Milton Glaser, says â€Å"to design is to communicate clearly by whatever means you can control or master. † A graphic designer would meet with his/her clients and discuss the type of visual communication the client is interested in. The client may provide a general idea for the design, but the creative options are left for the designer to decide how to best portray the message of the client. The designer would then either sketch out a design to scan on to the computer for further alterations or go directly to the computer software in order to design the desired product. The designer would then verify with the client for satisfaction of the product. Web Design is the art and process of creating a single Web page or entire Web sites and may involve both the aesthetics and the mechanics of a Web site’s operation although primarily it focuses on the look and feel of the Web site the design elements. â€Å"To be effective, the interfaces for online information systems must be as rich and flexible as the physical environments they replace. They must not only supply a direct path to reach the users goals, but must be able to accommodate different approaches to the task. This means that the interface design must not only organize the content for easy access, but must incorporate the right combination of technologies and interaction techniques to allow the user to work in their own style† (Quesenbery). A Web Designer would be sought out by a client in need of assistance in designing a website or website layout, usually for advertising and communicative purposes of the client. Like in Graphic design, the client may provide the designer with a general idea or guideline for the product, however, web designers must understand the dynamics of coding and html. Traditional art is understood to include things such as paintings, sculptures, and hand-drawings; basically any art which involves physical activity, usually of the hands. Famous Traditional Artists include: Leonardo DaVinci, Vincent Van Gough, and Andy Warhol. These artists use drawings and paintings as their forms of self expression which led to their innovative masterpieces: the Mona Lisa, Starry Night, and Pop Art, respectively. Traditional artists often look down upon the usage of the computer as the creative medium utilized when expressing oneself in art. Some believe that using a computer negates the creative ability of the artist and is the less credible form of art. Using computers in order to create art is sometimes seen as the easier method involving little artistic ability. â€Å"For artists diving into a new technology, it is a triple short-cut to mastery: you get a free ride on the novelty of the medium; there are no previous masters to surpass; and after a few weeks, you are the master† (Brand). There is a certain type of beauty in a hand-painted piece of art. The same is true for a masterfully drawn illustration. For this there is no substitute. Traditional art is the oldest form of art and could be considered the foundation of art. Many people consider this form of art to require the highest level of skill and creative ability, and that there is no other type of art form that can surpass it. There are a large number of people that believe this form of art is most vital, and that digital art simply shouldn’t be considered art due to the use of technology rather than their hands. Opponents of digital art argue that there is no skill in â€Å"pointing and clicking† on a computer screen. â€Å"I would rather choose the painting of a monkey over anything generated electronically, because I am more fascinated by the direct evidence of a mind at work than I am by the output of machines† (Glenn). Because of this belief, there is a good bit of animosity between the two different sects. Traditional artists feel as if they are protecting art in its truest form, whereas digital artists feel as if they are exposing the world to a newer and more advanced form of art infinitely full of possibilities. While traditional art is the older and more revered art form, that doesn’t mean that digital art is any less of an art. Both art forms require talent, precision, technique, and creativity from the artist. Digital artists are just as legitimate of artists as traditional artists. It is simply ignorant and petty to distinguish digital art as separate from true art in essence. Yes, computers are used as the medium for expression, however, like previously stated, that doesn’t mean that the computer creates the ideas and designs. The designs and creativity come from the artist and the computer is simply another way to release the idea from the artist’s mind, similar to a piece of paper or canvas. Digital art should be just as revered as traditional art because the amount of creativity and artistic ability is equal in both forms.